References

Every source cited across the compound briefs, gathered here in full — 1507 references across 32 compounds, in the same Vancouver format used on each page. Filter to a single compound, or browse them all below.

CBD 46 references

1. Hardy J, Greer R, Huggett G, Kearney A, Gurgenci T, Good P. Phase IIb Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating, Double-Blind Study of Cannabidiol Oil for the Relief of Symptoms in Advanced Cancer (MedCan1-CBD). J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(7):1444–1452. Source ↗
2. Gurgenci T, Kijanka G, Greer R, Huggett G, Good P, Moniruzzaman M, Hardy J. Exploring potential anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal cannabis. Support Care Cancer. 2023;31(11):629. Source ↗
3. Hardy J, Greer R, Gurgenci T, et al. Medicinal cannabis for symptom control in advanced cancer: RCT of 1:1 THC and CBD. Support Care Cancer. 2025. Source ↗
4. Aviram J, Samuelly-Leichtag G. Cannabidiol may prolong survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Front Oncol. 2022;12:837513. Source ↗
5. Sáenz-Antoñanzas A, Arriola E, Salgado J, et al. THC/CBD oral solution + TMZ and radiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: Phase Ib GEINO-1601 trial. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(suppl 2):S1495. Source ↗
6. McAllister SD, Murase R, Christian RT, et al. Pathways mediating CBD effects on breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;129(1):37–47. Source ↗
7. Elbaz M, Nasser MW, Ravi J, et al. Modulation of the tumour microenvironment and inhibition of EGF/EGFR pathway: novel anti-tumour mechanisms of CBD in breast cancer. Oncogenesis. 2015;4(8):e159. Source ↗
8. Sorosina L, Singer E, Dighe P, et al. CBD inhibits RAD51 and sensitises glioblastoma to temozolomide in multiple orthotopic tumour models. Neurooncol Adv. 2022;4(1):vdac019. Source ↗
9. Wang LP, Chagas PS, Salles ÉL, et al. Cannabidiol as a Prophylactic Agent Against Glioblastoma Growth: A Preclinical Investigation. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(2):757. Source ↗
10. Jeong S, Yoon S, Kim S, et al. CBD-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of Noxa in human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2019;447:12–23. Source ↗
11. Feng P, Zhu L, Jie J, et al. CBD inhibits invasion and metastasis in CRC by reversing EMT through Wnt/β-catenin signalling. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023;149(7):3587–3598. Source ↗
12. Campitelli LF, Kloeppel T, Austin JR, et al. CBD rewires tumour microenvironment via inhibiting alternative activation of macrophage and synergises with anti-PD-1 in colon cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11(7):e006505. Source ↗
13. Ramer R, Heinemann K, Merkord J, et al. COX-2 and PPAR-γ confer cannabidiol-induced apoptosis of human lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2013;12(1):69–82. Source ↗
14. Camilleri M, Kaur A, Bhatt P, et al. CBD is associated with improved survival in pancreatic cancer and modulation of bile acids and gut microbiota. Cancers (Basel). 2025. Source ↗
15. Cannabidiol targets colorectal cancer cells via cannabinoid receptor 2 independent of common mutations. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2025. Source ↗
16. Luengo JMH, Reszka SJ, Stegmaier P, et al. CBD converts NF-κB into a tumour suppressor in glioblastoma with defined antioxidative properties. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(11):1898–1911. Source ↗
17. McAllister SD, Christian RT, Horowitz MP, Garcia A, Desprez PY. Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6(11):2921–2927. Source ↗
18. Fu X, Yu Z, Fang F, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates lipid metabolism and induces CB1 receptor-mediated ER stress associated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):4307. Source ↗
19. Solinas M, Massi P, Cantelmo AR, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits angiogenesis by multiple mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167(6):1218–1231. Source ↗
20. Cannabidiol pharmacology review: receptors, mechanisms and oncology. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1094020. Source ↗
21. Cannabinoids in colorectal cancer and gut inflammation. Front Med. 2021;8:713153. Source ↗
22. CBD modulates ER-stress responses in CRC in a KRAS-mutation-dependent manner. ResearchGate. 2024. Source ↗
23. Shalata W, Nasrallah H, Shalata H, et al. Bioinformatic analysis predicts CBD could function as a potential inhibitor of the MAPK pathway in CRC. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(17):9558. Source ↗
24. Barbagallo GM, Certo F, Scalia G, et al. Cytotoxic effects of CBD and CBG on glioblastoma stem cells may mostly involve GPR55 and TRPV1 signalling. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(24):6070. Source ↗
25. Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, et al. An Overview of Cannabidiol as a Multifunctional Drug: Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Effects. Molecules. 2024;29(2):473. Source ↗
26. Pyszniak M, Puzia-Szkodo J, Podgajna M, et al. Mechanisms of cell death induced by CBD against tumour cells: a review. Plants. 2025;14(4):585. Source ↗
27. Durst R, Danenberg H, Gallily R, et al. Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(6):H3602–H3607. Source ↗
28. Henshaw FR, Dewsbury LS, Lim CK, Steiner GZ. The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021;6(3):177–195. Source ↗
29. Millar SA, Stone NL, Yates AS, O'Sullivan SE. A systematic review on the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in humans. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1365. Source ↗
30. EPIDIOLEX (cannabidiol) prescribing information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2025. Source ↗
31. Taylor L, Gidal B, Blakey G, Tayo B, Morrison G. A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose, Multiple Dose, and Food Effect Trial of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Highly Purified Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(11):1053–1067. Source ↗
32. Morales P, et al. Contemplating cannabis? The complex relationship between cannabinoids and hepatic metabolism. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:1055481. Source ↗
33. Grayson L, Vines B, Nichol K, Szaflarski JP. An interaction between warfarin and cannabidiol, a case report. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2018;9:10–11. Source ↗
34. Morrison G, Crockett J, Blakey G, Sommerville K. A Phase 1, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Trial to Investigate Possible Drug-Drug Interactions Between Clobazam, Stiripentol, or Valproate and Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2019;8:1009–1031.
35. Bar-Sela G, Cohen I, Campisi-Pinto S, et al. Cannabis consumption used by cancer patients during immunotherapy correlates with poor clinical outcome. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(8):1957.
36. Knaub RM, et al. Randomised single-dose crossover comparative bioavailability study of two novel oral CBD formulations vs standard CBD isolate capsule. J Cannabis Res. 2025. Source ↗
37. Wang F, Dezfouli AB, Khosravi M, et al. Cannabidiol-induced crosstalk of apoptosis and macroautophagy in colorectal cancer cells involves p53 and Hsp70. Cell Death Discov. 2023;9(1):286. Source ↗
38. Shrivastava A, Kuzontkoski PM, Groopman JE, Prasad A. Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the cross-talk between apoptosis and autophagy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011;10(7):1161–1172. Source ↗
39. Child RB, Tallon MJ. Cannabidiol (CBD) dosing: plasma pharmacokinetics and effects on accumulation in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2101. Source ↗
40. Kim J, Ahn KS. Cannabidiol Suppresses EMT in Pancreatic Cancer via Inhibition of MALAT1 lncRNA and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. IUBMB Life. 2025;77(8):e70042. Source ↗
41. Zhang X, Qin Y, Pan Z, et al. Cannabidiol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer SGC-7901 Cells. Biomolecules. 2019;9(8):302. Source ↗
42. Jeong S, Jo MJ, Yun HK, et al. Cannabidiol promotes apoptosis via regulation of XIAP/Smac in gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(11):846. Source ↗
43. Singh N, Hroudová J, Fišar Z. Cannabinoid-Induced Changes in the Activity of Electron Transport Chain Complexes of Brain Mitochondria. J Mol Neurosci. 2015;56(4):926–931. Source ↗
44. Mangal N, Reebye V, Habib N, Sodergren MH. Cannabidiol's cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer is induced via an upregulation of ceramide synthase 1 and ER stress. J Cannabis Res. 2024;6(1):22. Source ↗
45. Ramer R, Bublitz K, Freimuth N, Merkord J, Rohde H, Haustein M, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via intercellular adhesion molecule-1. FASEB J. 2012;26(4):1535–1548. Source ↗
46. Misri S, Kaul K, Mishra S, Charan M, Verma AK, Barr MP, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits tumorigenesis in cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer via TRPV2. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(5):1181. Source ↗

Berberine 39 references

1. Chen YX, Gao QY, Zou TH, Wang BM, Liu SD, Sheng JQ, et al. Berberine versus placebo for the prevention of recurrence of colorectal adenoma: a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(3):267–275. Source ↗
2. Tan YJ, Zou TH, Yu K, Sheng JQ, Jin P, Zhang MJ, et al. Berberine for preventing colorectal adenoma recurrence and neoplasm occurrence: 6-Year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6(9):102293. Source ↗
3. Xu L, Zhang Y, Xue X, Liu J, Li ZS, Yang GY, et al. A Phase I Trial of Berberine in Chinese with Ulcerative Colitis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2020;13(1):117–126. Source ↗
4. Yin J, Xing H, Ye J. Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2008;57(5):712–717. Source ↗
5. Effects of administering berberine alone or in combination on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2024. Source ↗
6. Tillhon M, Guamán Ortiz LM, Lombardi P, Scovassi AI. Berberine: new perspectives for old remedies. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012;84(10):1260–1267. Source ↗
7. Li W, Hua B, Saud SM, Lin H, Hou W, Matter MS, Jia L, Colburn NH, Young MR. Berberine regulates AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and inhibits colon tumorigenesis in mice. Mol Carcinog. 2015;54(11):1096–1109. Source ↗
8. Ming M, Sinnett-Smith J, Wang J, Soares HP, Young SH, Eibl G, Rozengurt E. Dose-Dependent AMPK-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms of Berberine and Metformin Inhibition of mTORC1, ERK, DNA Synthesis and Proliferation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114573. Source ↗
9. Tsang CM, Cheung YC, Lui VW, Yip YL, Zhang G, Lin VW, Cheung KC, Feng Y, Tsao SW. Berberine suppresses tumorigenicity and growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting STAT3 activation induced by tumor associated fibroblasts. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:619. Source ↗
10. Liu Y, Yu H, Zhang C, Cheng Y, Hu L, Meng X, Zhao Y. Protective effects of berberine on radiation-induced lung injury via intercellular adhesion molecular-1 and transforming growth factor-beta-1 in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44(16):2425–2432. Source ↗
11. Turner N, Li JY, Gosby A, To SWC, Cheng Z, Miyoshi H, et al. Berberine and its more biologically available derivative, dihydroberberine, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex I: a mechanism for the action of berberine to activate AMP-activated protein kinase and improve insulin action. Diabetes. 2008;57(5):1414–1418. Source ↗
12. Kang YH, Wang JH, Lee JS, Hwang SJ, Lee NH, Son CG. Berberine inhibits colorectal liver metastasis via modulation of TGF-β in a cecum transplant mouse model. Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):552. Source ↗
13. Wen C, Wu L, Fu L, Zhang X, et al. Berberine enhances the anti-tumor activity of tamoxifen in drug-sensitive MCF-7 and drug-resistant MCF-7/TAM cells. Mol Med Rep. 2016. Source ↗
14. Li J, Pan Y, Kan M, Xiao X, Wang Y, Guan F, et al. Hepatoprotective effects of berberine on liver fibrosis via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Life Sci. 2014;98(1):24–30. Source ↗
15. Kong Y, Yang H, Nie R, Zhang X, Zhang H, Nian X. Berberine as a multi-target therapeutic agent for obesity: from pharmacological mechanisms to clinical evidence. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):477. Source ↗
16. Nie Q, Li M, Huang C, Yuan Y, Liang Q, Ma X, Qiu T, Li J. The clinical efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Transl Med. 2024;22(1):225. Source ↗
17. Ehteshamfar SM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory impacts of berberine on activation of autoreactive T cells in autoimmune inflammation. J Cell Mol Med. 2020. Source ↗
18. Guo Y, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Klaassen CD, Zhou HH. Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(2):213–217. Source ↗
19. Moon JM, Ratliff KM, Hagele AM, Stecker RA, Mumford PW, Kerksick CM. Absorption Kinetics of Berberine and Dihydroberberine and Their Impact on Glycemia: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Pilot Trial. Nutrients. 2021;14(1):124. Source ↗
20. Hou Q, Han W, Fu X. Pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and berberine in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(10):1861–1862. Source ↗
21. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biology of the Neonate. 1993;63(4):201–208. Source ↗
22. Chang C, Roh YS, Du M, Kuo YC, Zhang Y, Hardy M, Gahler R, Solnier J. Differences in Metabolite Profiles of Dihydroberberine and Micellar Berberine in Caco-2 Cells and Humans—A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(11):5625. Source ↗
23. Solnier J, Zhang Y, Kuo YC, Du M, Roh K, Gahler R, Wood S, Chang C. Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Assessment of a New Berberine Formulation with Enhanced Absorption In Vitro and in Human Volunteers. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:2567. Source ↗
24. Ikem DC, Buzugbe SH, Okubor PC, Michael OE. Comparative In Silico ADMET Analysis of Berberine and Piperine: A Rationale for Combinatorial Therapy to Overcome P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Efflux. FUDMA Journal of Sciences. 2026;10(6):16–20.
25. Vidar WS, Baumeister TUH, Caesar LK, Kellogg JJ, Todd DA, Linington RG, et al. Interaction Metabolomics to Discover Synergists in Natural Product Mixtures. J Nat Prod. 2023;86(4):655–671. Source ↗
26. Tak J, Sabarwal A, Shyanti RK, Singh RP. Berberine enhances posttranslational protein stability of p21/cip1 in breast cancer cells via down-regulation of Akt. Mol Cell Biochem. 2019;458(1-2):49–59. Source ↗
27. Tan CS, Wong KY, Loh HY, Yeap SK, Ho WY, Boo SY, Beh BK, Yong CY, Ho KL, Cheng WH. Tissue distribution of berberine and its metabolites after oral administration in rats. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77969. Source ↗
28. Shah D, Challagundla N, Dave V, Patidar A, Saha B, Nivsarkar M, et al. Berberine mediates tumor cell death by skewing tumor-associated immunosuppressive macrophages to inflammatory macrophages. Phytomedicine. 2022;99:153904. Source ↗
29. Ruan H, Zhan YY, Hou J, Xu B, Chen B, Tian Y, Wu D, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, et al. Berberine binds RXRα to suppress β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells. Oncogene. 2017;36(50):6906–6918. Source ↗
30. Lin S, Tsai SC, Lee CC, Wang BW, Liou JY, Shyu KG. Berberine inhibits HIF-1alpha expression via enhanced proteolysis. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;66(3):612–619. Source ↗
31. Yan X, Yuan C, Wang Z, Xu Z, Wu Z, Wang M, Xu M, Wang Z, Sun Y. Berberine modulates ovarian cancer autophagy and glycolysis through the LINC01123/P65/MAPK10 signaling axis. Phytomedicine. 2024;135:156121. Source ↗
32. Chen J, Huang X, Tao C, Wang L, Chen J, Li X, et al. Berberine chloride suppresses non-small cell lung cancer by deregulating Sin3A/TOP2B pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2020;86(1):151–161. Source ↗
33. Lv M, Chen X, Yang Q, Wang J, Sun J, Cao Y, Cai J. Berberine restrains non-small cell lung cancer cell growth, invasion and glycolysis via inactivating the SPC25/NUF2 pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398(6):7439–7451. Source ↗
34. Zhao X, Ha M, Zhou L, Wang Y, Li P. Berberine diminishes the malignant progression of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting CDCA5 and CCNA2. J Nat Med. 2025;79(3):530–542. Source ↗
35. Chu SC, Yu CC, Hsu LS, Chen KS, Su MY, Chen PN. Berberine reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inhibits metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis in human cervical cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2014;86(6):609–623. Source ↗
36. Wen L, Han Z, Li J, Du Y. c-MYC and HIF1α promoter G-quadruplexes dependent metabolic regulation mechanism of berberine in colon cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2022;13(3):1152–1168. Source ↗
37. Noureini SK, Esmaeili H, Abachi F, Khiali S, Islam B, Kuta M, et al. Selectivity of major isoquinoline alkaloids from Chelidonium majus towards telomeric G-quadruplex: a study using a transition-FRET (t-FRET) assay. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2017;1861(8):2020–2030. Source ↗
38. Dickerhoff J, Brundridge N, McLuckey SA, Yang D. Berberine Molecular Recognition of the Parallel MYC G-Quadruplex in Solution. J Med Chem. 2021;64(21):16205–16212. Source ↗
39. Bazzicalupi C, Ferraroni M, Bilia AR, Scheggi F, Gratteri P. The crystal structure of human telomeric DNA complexed with berberine: an interesting case of stacked ligand to G-tetrad ratio higher than 1:1. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(1):632–638. Source ↗

Curcumin 64 references

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2. Dhillon N, Aggarwal BB, Newman RA, et al. Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(14):4491–4499. Source ↗
3. Kroon MAGM, van Laarhoven HWM, Swart EL, van Tellingen O, Kemper EM. A pharmacokinetic study and critical reappraisal of curcumin formulations enhancing bioavailability. iScience. 2025;28(6):112575. Source ↗
4. de Waure C, Bertola C, Baccarini G, Chiavarini M, Mancuso C. Exploring the Contribution of Curcumin to Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(4):1275. Source ↗
5. Dharman S, G M, Shanmugasundaram K, Sampath RK. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Curcumin/Turmeric for the Prevention and Amelioration of Radiotherapy/Radiochemotherapy Induced Oral Mucositis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2021;22(6):1671–1684. Source ↗
6. Gutsche LC, Dörfler J, Hübner J. Curcumin as a complementary treatment in oncological therapy: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2025;81:1–33. Source ↗
7. Howells LM, Iwuji COO, Irving GRB, et al. Curcumin Combined with FOLFOX Chemotherapy Is Safe and Tolerable in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in a Randomized Phase IIa Trial. J Nutr. 2019;149(7):1133–1139. Source ↗
8. Somasundaram S, Edmund NA, Moore DT, Small GW, Shi YY, Orlowski RZ. Dietary curcumin inhibits chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in models of human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62(13):3868–3875. Source ↗
9. Panahi Y, Saadat A, Beiraghdar F, Sahebkar A. Adjuvant therapy with bioavailability-boosted curcuminoids suppresses systemic inflammation and improves quality of life in patients with solid tumors: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2014;28(10):1461–1467. Source ↗
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13. Bharti AC, Donato N, Singh S, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-κB and IκBα kinase in human multiple myeloma cells, leading to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Blood. 2003;101(3):1053–1062. Source ↗
14. Hu P, Ke C, Guo X, Ren P, Tong Y, Luo S, et al. Both glypican-3/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and autophagy contributed to the inhibitory effect of curcumin on hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51(1):120–126. Source ↗
15. Tang X, Ding H, Liang M, Chen X, Yan Y, Wan N, Chen Q, Zhang J, Cao J. Curcumin induces ferroptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer via activating autophagy. Thorac Cancer. 2021;12(8):1219–1230. Source ↗
16. Lu Y, Miao L, Wang Y, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Xiang G, Huang L. Curcumin Micelles Remodel Tumor Microenvironment and Enhance Vaccine Activity in an Advanced Melanoma Model. Mol Ther. 2016;24(2):364–374. Source ↗
17. Tu SP, Jin H, Shi JD, Zhu LM, Suo Y, Lu G, et al. Curcumin induces the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inhibits their interaction with cancer cells and related tumor growth. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012;5(2):205–215. Source ↗
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35. Naghsh N, Musazadeh V, Nikpayam O, Kavyani Z, Moridpour AH, Golandam F, Faghfouri AH, Ostadrahimi A. Profiling Inflammatory Biomarkers following Curcumin Supplementation: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2023;2023:4875636. Source ↗
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CBG 18 references

1. Borrelli F, Pagano E, Romano B, Panzera S, Maiello F, Coppola D, De Petrocellis L, Buono L, Orlando P, Izzo AA. Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(12):2787–2797. Source ↗
2. Park JH, Hwang YN, Na HH, Kim DY, Lee HJ, Kwon TH, Park JS, Kim KC. Cannabigerol treatment shows antiproliferative activity and causes apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells. J Pharmacopuncture. 2024;27(4):332–339. Source ↗
3. Lah TT, Novak M, Pena Almidon MA, Marinelli O, Žvar Baškovič B, Majc B, Mlinar M, Bošnjak R, Breznik B, Zomer R, Nabissi M. Cannabigerol is a potential therapeutic agent in a novel combined therapy for glioblastoma. Cells. 2021;10(2):340. Source ↗
4. Zagzoog A, Halter K, Ha N, Jones AM, Andres R, Kim A, Michel D, Alcorn J, Laprairie RB. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabigerol (CBG) in the C57BL/6Crl mouse. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1672098. Source ↗
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6. Story G, Lee J, Cohen G, Rani A, Doherty J, Sela DA. Impact of dietary fat and oral delivery system on cannabigerol pharmacokinetics in adults. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2024;9(6):1543–1555. doi:10.1089/can.2023.0174. Source ↗
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8. Russo EB, Cuttler C, Cooper ZD, Stueber A, Whiteley VL, Sexton M. Survey of patients employing cannabigerol-predominant cannabis preparations: perceived medical effects, adverse events, and withdrawal symptoms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2022;7(6):706–716. Source ↗
9. Nachnani R, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE. The pharmacological case for cannabigerol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2021;376(2):204–212. Source ↗
10. Borrelli F, Fasolino I, Romano B, Capasso R, Maiello F, Coppola D, Orlando P, Battista G, Pagano E, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA. Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85(9):1306–1316. Source ↗
11. Anderson BD, Sepulveda DE, Nachnani R, Cortez-Resendiz A, Coates MD, Beckett A, Bisanz JE, Kellogg JJ, Raup-Konsavage WM. High cannabigerol hemp extract moderates colitis and modulates the microbiome in an inflammatory bowel disease model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2024;390(3):331–341. Source ↗
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18. Aguzzi C, Zeppa L, Morelli MB, Marinelli O, Giangrossi M, Amantini C, Santoni G, Sazzad H, Nabissi M. Anticancer effect of minor phytocannabinoids in preclinical models of multiple myeloma. BioFactors. 2024;50(6):1208–1219. doi:10.1002/biof.2078. One co-author is affiliated with a cannabinoid company (Entourage Biosciences Inc.); noted here for research-context transparency, not as a reason to discount the findings. Source ↗

Boswellia 31 references

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2. Di Pierro F, Simonetti G, Petruzzi A, Bertuccioli A, Botta L, Bruzzone MG, Cuccarini V, Fariselli L, Lamperti E. A novel lecithin-based delivery form of Boswellic acids as complementary treatment of radiochemotherapy-induced cerebral edema in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: a longitudinal pilot experience. J Neurosurg Sci. 2019;63(3):286–291. Source ↗
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5. Pang X, Yi Z, Zhang X, Sung B, Qu W, Lian X, Aggarwal BB, Liu M. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid inhibits prostate tumor growth by suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2009;69(14):5893–5900. Source ↗
6. RETRACTED — not used as supporting evidence on this page. Park B, Prasad S, Yadav V, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Boswellic acid suppresses growth and metastasis of human pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic nude mouse model through modulation of multiple targets. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26943. Retracted: PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0275582, for non-compliance with the journal's Animal Research Policy (tumour-size monitoring/IACUC protocol concerns) — not a finding of fabricated data. Source ↗ Retraction notice ↗
7. Khan MA, Singh M, Khan MS, Najmi AK, Ahmad S. Caspase mediated synergistic effect of Boswellia serrata extract in combination with doxorubicin against human hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:294143. Source ↗
8. Takada Y, Ichikawa H, Badmaev V, Aggarwal BB. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid potentiates apoptosis, inhibits invasion, and abolishes osteoclastogenesis by suppressing NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated gene expression. J Immunol. 2006;176(5):3127–3140. Source ↗
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20. Roe AL, Wilcox R, Price JM, Li L, Dai H, Freeman KM, Friley WW, Herman AG, Black CB, Brouwer KR, Jackson JP. An Evaluation of Potential Inhibition of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2C9 Enzymatic Activity by Boswellia serrata Extract. Appl In Vitro Toxicol. 2019;5(1):34–46.
21. Davis B, Sengupta K, Alluri VK, Golakoti T. Plasma Concentrations of Boswellic Acids in Fasting Healthy Humans Supplemented with a Water-Soluble Boswellia Extract (78% AKBA) vs. Reference Boswellia Extract (30% AKBA). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3(Suppl 1). Conference-abstract-level source, used only for the water-soluble Formulation comparator.
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24. Riva A, Giacomelli L, Togni S, Franceschi F, Eggenhoffner R, Zuccarini MC, Belcaro G. Oral administration of a lecithin-based delivery form of boswellic acids (Casperome®) for the prevention of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical study. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2019;65(1):30–35.
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